MANAGEMENT'S CHANGING ROLE AND SCOPE

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Due to varios enviromental changes,management theory and pratice have also changed during the past 100 years.The first pasrt of this pasiod saw mechanization and automation advance with industrial growth in industry,however,created problems betwen management and labor.As noted on Chapter 1,management pratice was little than a day-to-day,fire-fighting operation at the begining of this century.Managers saw thier duties as those of getting the most output from workers with as little labor cost as posible.Only pasing attention was given to any systematic planning,organizing,or controling of operation.Manufacturing activities, for example,werw usualy not based on standards developed from scientific research or expremintation. Instead,standards were often estabilished subjektively with little or no thought giben to matcing the demands pf a job with employee skills. Guesses, hunches,and past expriences provided the bases for most management decuisions and employe alienation was quite cammon.
The pratice of management changed dramaticaly when acientific management emerged during the first quarter of the 20th century.Intialy,the term referred to the systematic study and measrument thought these early efforts to improve productivity were carried out in factory settings, the results contributed to an overal expansion of management knowladge.